No one likes to receive complaints, especially when they feel that complaint isn’t justified or fair. 

Many of us avoid complaining even when we have encountered a problem with a service. We know from the Legal Services Consumer Panel’s research that many customers of legal services don’t know how to complain, and that the most common response by those dissatisfied with a service they had received from a legal service provider was to do nothing at all.

Given the difficult and often emotive nature of complaints, the best possible approach is to try to resolve issues as soon as practically possible. This enables both parties to move forward, with the minimum impact on the working relationship. 

In the context of legal complaints, that means the best outcome for many will be for complaints to be resolved at ‘first tier’ – directly by the legal service provider without the need for escalation to the Legal Ombudsman (LeO).  

Over the course of this financial year, LeO has continued its important programme of insight-sharing to support legal service providers handle complaints effectively. That work has included this new series of Spotlight articles, more published case studies, work to develop a Model Complaints Resolution Procedure for the legal sector, and more direct tailored support for those legal service providers generating high numbers of complaints.    

Of course, resolution at the first tier is not always possible. LeO recognises this and works to resolve escalated complaints as early as possible. 

Timer to signify early

LeO's Early Resolution team

Our extensive experience of dealing with escalated complaints and what leads people to complain, as well as an increasing volume of complaints being received, led us to decide to change our own approach to handling complaints in 2021. This is when LeO’s early resolution team was introduced. In 2024/25, 49% of complaints escalated to LeO were resolved by early resolution. 

But as complaint volumes continue to rise, and as the proportions of LeO investigative outcomes showing unreasonable complaints handling (49% in 2024/25) or poor service (70% in 2024/25) remain stubbornly high, there is clearly more that needs to be done here.  

We heard in our recent consultation on our 2026/27 Budget and Business Plan how many stakeholders value the insight we can share on effective complaints handling. Stakeholders also recognised LeO’s unique vantage point in being able to identify the underlying reasons behind poor complaint handling and poor service from the escalated complaints it receives.   

So this Spotlight focuses on LeO’s early resolution process, and on how service providers can improve the prospects of a complaint being resolved by LeO’s early resolution team. Complaints resolved at early resolution are resolved more quickly for all parties, and do not incur a case fee. 


The importance of final responses 

Most importantly, for a complaint to be considered for early resolution, a service provider must have issued a final response to the complaint. 

Too often, we hear that this hasn’t happened. In 2024/25, 28% of complainants who escalated their complaint to LeO said they did not receive a final response from their service provider.  

If every complaint was responded to within 8 weeks, and as clearly and substantively as possible, a real increase in early resolutions would be possible. Moreover, good complaints handling makes resolution at tier one more likely, avoiding escalation to LeO in the first place. 


LeO’s Early Resolution process 

Every complaint escalated to LeO is reviewed on receipt to assess whether it is suitable for early resolution. Those that aren’t are passed on for in-depth investigation.  

The aim of early resolution is to ensure that complaints are resolved at the earliest possible opportunity – to the benefit of all parties. The average number of days for complaints to be resolved by the early resolution team in 2024/25 was just 53 days.   


Types of resolution 

There are a range of approaches that LeO can take at early resolution, but the most common are: 

  • Reasonable offer made – this is where we can say that if we were to investigate and uphold all of a complaint, that the remedy offered is in line with what we would be likely to direct in the circumstances of the complaint. 

  • Guided negotiation – this is where a service provider has accepted a service failing and either not made an offer, or the offer is not in line with what we would direct. In these cases, we will speak to the service provider and the complainant to try to agree a resolution. Importantly, even if the complainant does not accept an improved offer, if we consider it to be a reasonable offer, we could still resolve the complaint in early resolution.

  • No reasonable prospects of success – this is where we can say that the service provider’s service is reasonable from the final response, and potentially one or two supporting pieces of evidence. 

Other reasons for putting a complaint into early resolution may include the fact that we: 

  • are considering dismissal due to ongoing court action (although, usually, this does not include a service provider pursuing a complainant for outstanding fees); 
  • consider the issue is better dealt with by a court; or  
  • believe there is a compelling reason LeO should not deal with the complaint. 

What should service providers do? 

There are a range of things service providers can do to increase the likelihood of a complaint being suitable for early resolution. This seven-point reference list should help: 

  1. Always provide a timely final response – complaints which are not responded to will not be considered by early resolution. 
  2. Respond to all issues of complaint – if there are issues not covered by a complaint response, it is less likely the complaint will be suitable for early resolution. 
  3. Clearly identify a conclusion in respect of the service provided. 
  4. Where poor service is identified, set out what the failing was and consider the impact of that failing on the customer. 
  5. Use LeO’s remedies guidance to support you to offer a reasonable remedy for any service failing. 
  6. Don’t forget the emotional impact of any service failing – even if there is no financial loss, a payment to recognise emotional impact may be appropriate. 
  7. Where there is no service failing, clearly set out why the service was reasonable, where appropriate providing supporting information or evidence (such as a brief chronology for delay complaints). 

There are some case studies below which will help illustrate these issues in practice.  

Good complaints handling enables swift resolution

Background 

Ms M instructed her service provider in respect of a personal injury matter, following a car accident.

Ms M was concerned that it took the service provider four and a half years to pursue her claim, especially as it was a straightforward claim and the other side accepted liability. As a result, Ms M complained to the service provider saying she wanted the matter settled, but also that she did not think their 25% success fee was fair, given the time taken. 

Complaints 

Ms M raised two main aspects of complaint: 

  1. Delay and failure to progress; and 
  2. Communication, as she said the service provider had failed to keep her informed. 

The service provider gave a substantive and timely response to Ms M’s complaint, recognising both delay (including a failure to progress) and poor communication. They offered £300 to recognise the impact of their service failing on Ms M. 

The Legal Ombudsman’s view and approach 

We reviewed Ms M’s complaint and took the view that as the offer of £300 was in our category for a significant remedy, it was a reasonable remedy, being in line with what LeO would be likely to direct should all the issues of complaint be upheld. 

Ms M did not agree as she wanted a costs reduction. However, as there was no impact on the value of the service provider’s work, our view was that a payment for the emotional impact of the service failing was a reasonable remedy. 

The complaint was closed under Scheme Rule 5.7(c) as a ‘reasonable offer made’. As the complaint was resolved in early resolution, no case fee was payable. 

LeO Insights 

  • A full and detailed response, addressing all the complaints and clearly identifying service failings, means a complaint is more likely to be suitable for early resolution. 
  • Using LeO’s remedies guidance is more likely to lead to reasonable offers being made at first tier. 
  • Where there is no impact on the value of the service provider’s service, a costs-based remedy is less likely. 
Poor complaints handling and lack of clarity lengthens complaint resolution

Background

Mr N instructed the service provider in respect of a house purchase. Following completion, it took more than 12 months to register the purchase. Mr N complained to the service provider because of the time taken, but also because they did not keep him informed. 

In particular, Mr N also raised the fact that the service provider’s complaints handling had been poor. They did not address his points in sufficient detail, which led in large part to his decision to escalate his complaint to LeO.

Complaints 

Mr N raised the following areas of complaint: 

  • Delay in registering the property; 
  • Poor communication as the firm did not provide updates; and 
  • Poor complaints handling. 

The service provider did provide an email response to Mr N. However, Mr N was concerned that they did not provide a chronology of the matter, or issue a formal letter of response to his complaint. 

The service provider did not accept that there were any service failings in its responses to Mr N’s complaints. 

The Legal Ombudsman’s view and approach 

We reviewed Mr N’s complaint and, as there was no clear explanation of the events that led to registration taking so long, we decided that the complaint was not suitable for early resolution. 

The complaint was passed to in-depth investigation and progressed all the way through LeO’s process to a final ombudsman’s decision. 

Our investigation showed that the service provider had failed to reply to a requisition made by the Land Registry which contributed to the time taken to register the property. The evidence also showed that the service provider had not kept Mr N informed. As a result, the ombudsman upheld the complaints and directed a remedy of £350. 

As this complaint went all the way through LeO’s process, and as a service failing was identified, a case fee was payable.  

LeO Insights 

  • Whilst there is no requirement to produce chronologies, they can show that a service provider’s service has been reasonable or highlight gaps which may then lead to a finding of poor service, and enable service providers to make reasonable offers. 
  • We would expect to see service providers provide reasonable updates, even where they are not proactively working on a matter (e.g. when a property is awaiting registration), and a failure to do so is likely to lead to a finding of poor service. 
  • Identifying periods of delay which the firm has caused, and highlighting any communication failings in a final response, as well as offering a reasonable remedy where one is appropriate, maximises the chances of a complaint being resolved in early resolution. 
Good service, complaints handling and engagement with LeO quickens resolution

Background

Miss T instructed the service provider in respect of a property purchase. As is usual in conveyancing transactions, the service provider gave Miss T advice on the purchase in a report on title. However, she decided not to proceed with the purchase following advice on a clause relating to the title. 

Miss T raised concerns with the service provider, believing they could have advised of the issue sooner than they did. 

Complaints 

Miss T raised a number of issues with the service provider, in particular: 

  1. The service provider delayed in providing advice on the clause; 
  2. The service provider delayed in sharing responses to enquiries; and  
  3. That the service provider tried to mislead her into paying additional costs.

The service provider gave a clear, and timely, response to Miss T’s complaint. They also explained why the approach they had taken was in line with standard procedures and processes. 

The Legal Ombudsman’s view and approach 

We reviewed Miss T’s complaint on receipt and noted that the service provider had provided advice on the clause, and the responses to the enquiries in their report on title. 

On the basis that it is standard practice for service providers to provide advice on issues that affect a title in their report on title, we took the view that there was no unreasonable delay and the complaint was unlikely to be upheld and therefore lacked any reasonable prospects of success.

We also considered that it was reasonable for the service provider to offer to do extra work to resolve the issue, should Miss T want to continue with the purchase, she was not therefore misled into paying any additional fees. 

As the service provided was demonstrably reasonable, the complaint was dismissed by an Ombudsman at early resolution. As the complaint was dealt with at early resolution, no case fee was payable. 

LeO Insights

  • If LeO can establish that the service provided was reasonable, or in line with standard practice from the information provided in the complaint and final response, the complaint may be suitable for early resolution. 
  • At early resolution, LeO may request one or two pieces of evidence to support a conclusion that we are unlikely to uphold a complaint and can therefore dismiss as having no reasonable prospects of success. Promptly providing this information increases the chances of early resolution.